Physical health conditions and political participation in Europe: the moderating effects of age

Abstract Unequal political participation is widely considered a problem of democratic representation. Citizens with fewer resources typically report lower levels participation. Lack good health has been identified as one barrier to However, poor may have heterogeneous impacts on participation, depending the type issue. Moreover, affect patterns differently, age. Previous research not yet systematically examined these issues. We address gaps by using European Social Survey data, which includes self-reports variety physical conditions and engagement in different forms The results show that most are related participation; however, except for turnout, problems mobilize individuals into action. This effect strongest among younger individuals, gap evens out later life. condition-specific effects similar across conditions. Our findings consistent grievance identity theories Younger citizens, particular, experience or impairment unjust then mobilized discuss implications broader understanding mechanisms behind behavior suggest often motivator action rather than an obstacle.